Postmodernism Era.

Postmodernism describes a broad movement that developed in the mid- to late 20th century. Postmodernism has many different sides to it such as; philosophy, the arts, architecture and criticism. It is typically defined by an attitude of skepticism, irony or rejection toward grand narratives (a narrative about narratives of historical meaning, experience, or knowledge).

Postmodernism as a philosophical movement is a reaction that protests against the philosophical assumptions and values of the modern period.
Some of the most important view points are:

• There is a reality whose existence and properties are independent of the human mind and societal views and practices.
• Scientists  and historians statements can be objectively true or false.
• Human nature does exist. Postmodernists insist that pretty much all aspects of human mind and behaviour are completely determined by what society has taught them.

Postmodern art was a movement that contradicted certain aspects of modernism and some aspects that developed in the aftermath of modernism. It emphasizes the notion beyond forward thinking. 

Examples of postmodern artwork:

 (Wassily Kandinsky, Composition 8)

 (Andy Warhol, Marilyn Monroe)

 (Theo van Doesburg)

Structuralism.

Structuralism is a method of interpretation. Structuralism is when you analyse human perception and their behaviour, culture, and experience. It is an analysis of the human sciences.

Structuralism film theory is highlighting the way films convey meaning.

A structuralist films focuses on patterns, relationships or structure. Its the theory that recognizing these structures helps people understand and enjoy films. It emphasizes the importance of narrative theory and recurring patterns and content.

Semiotics

Semiotics is the science of signs. The founder of semiotics (or the interpretation of signs) was a Swiss linguist named Ferdinand de Saussure. He said that signs are made up of sounds and images, and what concepts these sounds and images bring to mind , he called this the Signified.

American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce is the founder of semiotics (.The trichotomy of icons, indexes, and symbols):

Icon: A literal sign. Its a sign that physically resembles the thing it stands for.

Index: A Implied sign. Its a sign that implies something.

Symbol: A learned sign. It is something we learn what it means.

An example of these:

Icon: A picture of a dog.

Index: A paw print.

Symbol: The word 'Dog'.